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Marriage Equality and the Transnational Flow of Skilled Labor: The Impact of Same-Sex Marriage Legalization in the United States on the Inflow of Skilled Labor
Marriage Equality and the Transnational Flow of Skilled Labor: The Impact of Same-Sex Marriage Legalization in the United States on the Inflow of Skilled Labor
This paper examines the impact on skilled labor migration to the United States of same-sex marriage legalization in European countries and US federal recognition of foreign same-sex marriages. Analyzing data from the US Department of Homeland Security, we find that European legalization decreased skilled labor admissions to the United States by 22 percent, most notably after six years. However, US recognition of foreign same-sex marriages mitigated this effect post–2013, indicating that such legalizations facilitate skilled labor movement between nations.
Ultra-processed Food Demand across the Lifecycle: Implications for Obesity in the United States
Ultra-processed Food Demand across the Lifecycle: Implications for Obesity in the United States
The United States has witnessed a persistent rise in obesity rates since the early 1980s, despite a plateau in energy intake. One of the possible factors is the increased prevalence of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), foods with substantial levels of processing, in the food retailing landscape. Structural shifts have led to the dominance of UPFs in areas designated as food deserts, potentially exacerbating obesity risks, especially among vulnerable populations like older people.
This paper estimates the demand and demand elasticity of UPF for different age groups using structural demand and household-level scanner data. Using the same data, we establish a causal link between purchasing ratio of UPF and obesity. Understanding the broader demand and health effects of UPFs is crucial for informed policy decisions.
Ultra-processed Food Demand across the Lifecycle: Implications for Obesity in the United States
Ultra-processed Food Demand across the Lifecycle: Implications for Obesity in the United States
The rapid expansion of GLP-1 receptor agonist, medications originally developed for diabetes management and now widely used for weight loss, has generated substantial interest in how these drugs reshape consumer food choices. Using household-level scanner data from Circana linked with the USDA Branded Food Database, this paper estimates the causal effect of GLP-1 initiation on monthly food-at-home spending and expenditure shares across NOVA food processing categories. Over five million products were classified into NOVA groups using a hybrid approach combining hand classification with supervised machine-learning. A difference-in-differences framework following Callaway and Sant'Anna (2021) accounts for staggered adoption. Results indicate that GLP-1 initiation reduces total food spending by $56 per month and leads households to reallocate expenditures away from ultra-processed foods (NOVA~4) toward minimally processed foods (NOVA~1). These findings highlight meaningful dietary adjustments associated with GLP-1 adoption and point to consequential shifts in food demand facing processors, retailers, and producers.
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